Amerika inqilabı

Amerika inqilabı
Amerika inqilabı
Yer	On üç koloniya;
Tarix	22 mart 1763
	Vikianbarda əlaqəli mediafayllar

Amerika inqilabı — XVIII əsrin ikinci yarısında, On üç koloniyanın Britaniya imperiyasından müstəqillik qazandığı və ABŞ adını aldığı dövrü əhatə edir.^[1] Amerika qitəsinə birinci miqrasiya etmiş Virciniya koloniyasından sonra 1772-ci ilə qədər koloniyaların sayı 13-ə çatmışdır.^[1] Müstəmləkələrdə idarəetmə forması qubernatorun ya yerli əhali tərəfindən seçilməsi, ya da krallıq tərəfindən və ya da bilavasitə kralın özü tərəfindən təyin edilməsi prinsipinə əsaslanırdı. Qanunverici orqan da təyin edilmiş və ya seçilmiş şəxslərdən ibarət idi.

Bu dövrdə müstəmləkələr Britaniya imperiyasına qarşı üsyan qaldırdı və 1775 - 1783 illər arasında ABŞ İstiqlal müharibəsi başladı.^[1] ABŞ istiqlal bəyannaməsi 1776-cı ildə nəşr olundu və 19 oktyabr 1781-ci ildə döyüş meydanında qələbə qazanıldı.^[1] Fransa krallığı Amerikanın yeni millətini pul və sursatla təmin etməkdə mühüm rol oynadı, İngiltərəyə qarşı koalisiya təşkil etdi və müharibəni sona çatdıran Yorktaun müharibəsində həlledici rol oynayan bir ordu və donanma göndərmişdir.^[1] Digər tərəfdən, amerikalılar kral və aristokratiyaya qarşı qiyam qaldırdılar və Fransanı nümunə götürmədilər.

Amerika İnqilabı, Amerika xalqını əhatə edən yeni respublika idealları kimi bir sıra intellektual və sosial dəyişiklikləri özündə cəmləşdirdi. Bəzi ştatlarda demokratiyanın dövlət idarəçiliyindəki rolu ilə bağlı qızğın mübahisələr olurdu. Respublikaçılığa keçid və getdikcə daha çox yayılan demokratiya ənənəvi sosial iyerarxiyada qarışıqlıq yaratdı və Amerikanın siyasi dəyərlərinin əsaslandığı siyasi əxlaq yaratdı. İnqilab dövrü 1763-cü ildə, Fransanın Amerikadakı koloniyalara hərbi təhdidi sona çatdıqdan sonra başladı. İngilislər koloniyalarda yaşayanların ümumiyyətlə qəbul etmədikləri vergilər tətbiq edərək, koloniyaların müdafiəsinə xərclədiklərinin böyük bir hissəsinin yenidən koloniyalar tərəfindən ödənilməsini qərara aldılar.

Parlament 1765-ci ildə Pul Aktını qəbul etmişdir.^[1] Bu akt kağız almaq üçün vergi pullarının alınmasını tələb edirdi. Bu vəziyyət koloniyalarda böyük reaksiyalara səbəb olmuşdur. Bundan əlavə, kolonistlərin bir çoxu Britaniya parlamentində təmsil olunmadığı üçün hərəkəti qanunsuz qəbul etdilər. Bostondakı etirazlardan sonra İngiltərə buraya hərbi qüvvələrini göndərdi.^[1] Buna cavab olaraq koloniyalar öz milislərini səfərbər etdilər və müharibə 1775-ci ildə başladı. Əhalinin 15–20 faizi Britaniyaya sadiq olsa da, Patriotlar ümumiyyətlə müharibə zamanı ərazinin 80–90 faizinə qədərini tutdular. Digər tərəfdən, İngiltərə yalnız bir neçə sahilyanı şəhərə nəzarət edirdi.

1776-cı ildə On üç koloniyanın nümayəndələri yekdilliklə ABŞ-ni quran müstəqillik bəyannaməsini qəbul etdilər.^[1] 1778-ci ildə amerikalılar hərbi və dəniz qüvvələrini tarazlaşdıracaq Fransa ilə ittifaq qurdular. 1777-ci ildə Saratoga və 1781-ci il 19 oktyabrda Yorktownda iki ingilis ordusu əsir tutuldu və nəticədə 1783-cü ildə Paris müqaviləsi ilə sülh əldə edildi. ABŞ-nin şimalında Britaniya Kanadası, cənubunda İspaniya Floridası və qərbində Missisipi çayı var idi.

İstinadlar

↑ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ The American Revolution: a Very Short Introduction. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 2015. ISBN 978-0190225063.

Ədəbiyyat siyahısı

Bailyn, Bernard. The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 1992. ISBN 978-0674443013.
Barnes, Viola Florence. The Dominion of New England: A Study in British Colonial Policy. New York: Frederick Ungar. 1960. ISBN 978-0804410656. OCLC 395292.
Calloway, Colin G. The American Revolution in Indian country : pcrisis and diversity in Native American communities. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 1995. ISBN 978-0-521-47149-7. İstifadə tarixi: October 20, 2023.
Commager, Henry Steele; Richard B. Morris. The Spirit of Seventy-Six. The story of the American Revolution as told by its participants. Castle Books; HarperCollins Publishers. 1958. ISBN 0785814639. LCCN 67011325.
Evans, James Truslow. The Founding of New England. Boston: The Atlantic Monthly Press. 1922. OCLC 1068441.
Ferguson, Robert A. "The Commonalities of Common Sense". The William and Mary Quarterly. 57 (3). 2000: 465–504. doi:10.2307/2674263. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 2674263.
Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J.R., redaktorlar The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Limited. 1991. ISBN 978-1557862440.
Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J.R., redaktorlar A Companion to the American Revolution. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Limited. 2003. ISBN 978-1405116749. İstifadə tarixi: October 2, 2010.
Greene, Jack P. "The American Revolution". The American Historical Review. 105 (1). 2000: 93–102. doi:10.2307/2652437. ISSN 1937-5239. JSTOR 2652437. May 25, 2012 tarixində orijinalından arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: October 2, 2010.
Kukla, Jon. Patrick Henry: Champion of Liberty. New York: Simon & Schuster. 2017. ISBN 978-1439190814.
Lepore, Jill. The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity. Vintage Books. 1999. ISBN 9780375702624.
Lovejoy, David. The Glorious Revolution in America. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. 1987. ISBN 978-0819561770. OCLC 14212813.
Lowell, Edward J. The Hessians and the other German Auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War. Harper & Brothers, Franklin Square, New York. 1884. LCCN 02004604.
Lustig, Mary Lou. The Imperial Executive in America: Sir Edmund Andros, 1637–1714. Madison, WI: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0838639368. OCLC 470360764.
Maier, Pauline. American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1997. ISBN 978-0679454922. İstifadə tarixi: October 2, 2010.
Maier, Pauline. From Resistance to Revolution: Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain, 1765–1776. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc. 1991. ISBN 978-0393308259. İstifadə tarixi: October 2, 2010.
Middlekauff, Robert. The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789. Oxford History of the United States. 3 (revised and expanded). Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 978 0-19-516247-9.
Miller, John C. Origins of the American Revolution. Boston: Little, Brown and company. 1943. OL 6453380M.
Nettels, Curtis P. The Roots of American Civilization: A History of American Colonial Life. 1938.
Palfrey, John. History of New England During the Stuart Dynasty. Boston: Little, Brown. 1864. OCLC 1658888.
Pestana, Carla Gardina. The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution: 1640–1661. Harvard University Press. 2004.
Rosengarten, Joseph George. The German Soldier in the Wars of the United States. J.B. Lippencott Company, Philadelphia. 1886. ISBN 1428654321.
Rosengarten, Joseph George. Frederick the Great and the United States. Harvard University. 1906.
Taylor, Alan. American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750–1804. W. W. Norton & Company. 2016. ISBN 978-0-393-25387-0.
Thomas, Robert P. "A Quantitative Approach to the Study of the Effects of British Imperial Policy of Colonial Welfare: Some Preliminary Findings". Journal of Economic History. 25 (4). 1964: 615–638. doi:10.1017/S0022050700058460. JSTOR 2116133.
Trevelyan, George. George the Third and Charles Fox: The Concluding Part of the American Revolution. New York: Longmans, Green. 1912.
Walton, Gary M. "The New Economic History and the Burdens of the Navigation Acts". Economic History Review. 24 (4). 1971: 533–542. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1971.tb00192.x.
Webb, Stephen Saunders. Lord Churchill's Coup: The Anglo-American Empire and the Glorious Revolution Reconsidered. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0815605584. OCLC 39756272.
Whaples, Robert. "Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions". The Journal of Economic History. 55 (1). March 1995: 139–154. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.482.4975. doi:10.1017/S0022050700040602. ISSN 0022-0507. JSTOR 2123771.
Wood, Gordon S. "Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution". The William and Mary Quarterly. 23 (1). 1966: 3–32. doi:10.2307/2936154. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 2936154.
Wood, Gordon S. The Radicalism of the American Revolution. New York: Vintage Books. 1993. ISBN 978-0679736882.
Wood, Gordon S. The American Revolution: A History. New York: Modern Library. 2003. ISBN 978-0812970418. İstifadə tarixi: October 2, 2010.

Əlavə ədəbiyyat siyahısı

İstinad edilmiş əsərlər

Barnes, Ian, and Charles Royster. The Historical Atlas of the American Revolution (2000), maps and commentary excerpt and text search
Blanco, Richard L.; Sanborn, Paul J. The American Revolution, 1775–1783: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. 1993. ISBN 978-0824056230.
Boatner, Mark Mayo III. Encyclopedia of the American Revolution (2nd). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1974. ISBN 978-0684315133.
Canny, Nicholas. The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I. Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 0199246769. İstifadə tarixi: July 22, 2009.
Cappon, Lester. Atlas of Early American History. Princeton University Press. 1976. ISBN 0-911028-00-5.
Fremont-Barnes, Gregory; Ryerson, Richard Alan; Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta. The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War. Abc-clio. 2006. ISBN 978-1851094080.
Gray, Edward G.; Kamensky, Jane. The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution. Oxford University Press. 2013. ISBN 978-0199746705.
Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J. R. A Companion to the American Revolution. Wiley-Blackwell. 2003. ISBN 978-1405116749.
Herrera, Ricardo A. "American War of Independence" Oxford Bibliographies (2017) annotated guide to major scholarly books and articles online
Kennedy, Frances H. The American Revolution: A Historical Guidebook (2014) A guide to 150 famous historical sites.
Purcell, L. Edward. Who Was Who in the American Revolution (1993); 1500 short biographies
Resch, John Phillips. Americans at War. MacMillan Reference Library. 2005. ISBN 978-0028658063.
Selesky, Harold E.; III, Mark M. Boatner; Schecter, Barnet. Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. Charles Scribner's Sons. 2006. ISBN 0684314703.
Symonds, Craig L. A Battlefield Atlas of the American Revolution. Nautical & Aviation Publishing Company of America. 1986. ISBN 0933852533.

Dövrün sorğuları

John Richard Alden A history of the American Revolution (1966) 644 pp online, A scholarly general survey
Allison, Robert. The American Revolution: A Concise History (2011) 128 pp excerpt and text search
Atkinson, Rick. The British Are Coming: The War for America, Lexington to Princeton, 1775–1777 (2019) (vol 1 of his 'The Revolution Trilogy'); called, "one of the best books written on the American War for Independence," [Journal of Military History Jan 2020 p. 268]; the maps are online here
Black, Jeremy. War for America. Sutton Publishing. 2001. ISBN 0750928085., British perspective
Brown, Richard D., and Thomas Paterson, eds. Major Problems in the Era of the American Revolution, 1760–1791: Documents and Essays (2nd ed. 1999)
Bunker, Nick. An Empire on the Edge: How Britain Came to Fight America. New York 2014.
Christie, Ian Ralph. Empire Or Independence. Phaidon Press. 1976. ISBN 0714816140., British perspective'
Cogliano, Francis D. Revolutionary America, 1763–1815; A Political History (2nd ed. 2008), British textbook
Joseph J. Ellis American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies in the Founding of the Republic (2008) excerpt and text search
Don Higginbotham. The War of American Independence: Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice, 1763–1789 (1983) Online in ACLS Humanities E-book Project; comprehensive coverage of military and domestic aspects of the war.
Jensen, Merrill. The Founding of a Nation. Hackett Publishing. 2004. ISBN 0872207056.
Knollenberg, Bernhard. Growth of the American Revolution, 1766–1775. Liberty Fund. 2003. ISBN 0865974152.
Mackesy, Piers. The War for America: 1775–1783 (1992), British military study
Jack RakoveRevolutionaries: A New History of the Invention of America (2010) interpretation by leading scholar excerpt and text search
Taylor, Alan. American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750–1804 (2016) 704 pp; recent survey by leading scholar
Stanley Weintraub. Iron Tears: Rebellion in America 1775–83 (2005) excerpt and text search, popular
Wood, Gordon S. Revolutionary Characters. Penguin Books. 2007. ISBN 978-0-14-311208-2.

Xüsusi tədqiqatlar

Baer, Friederike. Hessians: German Soldiers in the American Revolutionary War (Oxford University Press, 2022). Publisher's website.
Bailyn, Bernard. The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. (Harvard University Press, 1967). ISBN 0674443012
Becker, C.L. The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas. Harcourt, Brace. 1922. İstifadə tarixi: May 29, 2023.
Becker, Frank: The American Revolution as a European Media Event, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved: October 25, 2011.
Berkin, Carol. Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the Struggle for America's Independence. New York: Vintage Books. 2006. ISBN 978-1400075324.
Breen, T. H. The Marketplace of Revolution. Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 019518131X.
Breen, T. H. American Insurgents, American Patriots. Hill and Wang. 2010. ISBN 978-1429932608.
Brunsman, Denver Alexander; Silverman, David J. The American Revolution Reader. Routledge. 2014. ISBN 978-0-415-53757-5.
Carté, Katerine. Religion and the American Revolution: An Imperial History. Chapel Hill: Omohondro Institute of Early American History and Culture and the University of North Carolina Press 2021. ISBN 9781469662640
Chernow, Ron. Washington. Penguin. 2010. ISBN 978-1101444184.
Crow, Jeffrey J.; Tise, Larry E. The Southern Experience in the American Revolution. University of North Carolina Press. 1978. ISBN 0-8078-1313-3.
Fischer, David Hackett. Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press, US. 1995. ISBN 0195098315.
Fischer, David Hackett. Washington's Crossing (2004). 1776 campaigns; Pulitzer prize. ISBN 0195170342
"Washington : Freeman, Douglas Southall, 1886–1953 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive". New York, Scribner. March 25, 2023. İstifadə tarixi: May 29, 2023 – Internet Archive vasitəsilə.
Gilbert, Alan. Black Patriots and Loyalists: Fighting for Emancipstuob in the War for Independence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2012. ISBN 978-0-226-29307-3
Gerald Horne. The Counter-Revolution of 1776: Slave Resistance and the Origins of the United States of America. (New York University Press, 2014). ISBN 1479893404
Hull, N.E.H.; Hoffer, Peter C.; Allen, Steven L. "Choosing Sides: A Quantitative Study of the Personality Determinants of Loyalist and Revolutionary Political Affiliation in New York". Journal of American History. 65 (2). 1978: 344–366. doi:10.2307/1894084. ISSN 0021-8723. JSTOR 1894084.
Kerber, Linda K. Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. 1997. ISBN 978-0807846322.
Kidd, Thomas S.; Kidd, S. God of Liberty. Basic Books. 2010. ISBN 978-0465022779.
Langley, Lester D. The Long American Revolution and Its Legacy(U of Georgia Press, 2019) online review emphasis on long-term global impact.
Lockwood, Matthew. To Begin the World Over Again. Yale University Press. 2019. ISBN 978-0300232257.
David McCullough. 1776 (book) (2005). ISBN 0743226712; popular narrative of the year 1776
Pauline Maier. American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence (1998) excerpt and text search
Nash, Gary B. The Unknown American Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America. (2005). ISBN 0670034207
Allan Nevins; The American States during and after the Revolution, 1775–1789 1927. online edition
Norton, Mary Beth. Liberty's Daughters. Scott Foresman & Company. 1980. ISBN 0673393488.
Norton, Mary Beth. 1774: The Long Year of Revolution (2020) online review by Gordon S. Wood
O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson. The Men Who Lost America. Yale University Press. 2013. ISBN 978-0300195248.
Palmer, Robert R. The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1800. vol 1 (1959)
Resch, John Phillips; Sargent, Walter L. War & Society in the American Revolution. Northern Illinois University Press. 2006. ISBN 0875803660.
Murray Rothbard, Conceived in Liberty (2011), Volume III: Advance to Revolution, 1760–1775 and Volume IV: The Revolutionary War, 1775–1784. ISBN 978-1933550985, OCLC 810280385 Libertarianism perspective
Shy, John. Toward Lexington: The Role of the British Army in the Coming of the American Revolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2008. ISBN 978-1597404143. İstifadə tarixi: October 2, 2010.
Van Tyne, Claude Halstead. American Loyalists: The Loyalists in the American Revolution (1902) online edition
Volo, James M. and Dorothy Denneen Volo. Daily Life during the American Revolution (2003)
Wahlke, John C. ed. The Causes of the American Revolution (1967) primary and secondary readings online
Warren, Charles. "Fourth of July Myths". The William and Mary Quarterly. 2 (3). 1945: 237–272. doi:10.2307/1921451. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 1921451.
Wood, Gordon S. American Revolution (2005) [excerpt and text search] 208 pp excerpt and text search
Wood, Gordon S. The Radicalism of the American Revolution. Knopf. 1992. ISBN 0679404937.

Tarixşünaslıq

Allison, David, and Larrie D. Ferreiro, eds. The American Revolution: A World War (Smithsonian, 2018) excerpt ASIN B07FLJX556
Breen, Timothy H. "Ideology and nationalism on the eve of the American Revolution: Revisions once more in need of revising." Journal of American History (1997): 13–39. in JSTOR
Burnard, Trevor. Writing Early America: From Empire to Revolution. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press 2023. ISBN 978-0-8139-4920-8 Analysis of 400 scholarly journal articles.
Countrymen, Edward. "Historiography" in Harold E. Selesky, ed., Encyclopedia of the American Revolution (Gale, 2006) pp. 501–508. ISBN 978-0684314983
Gibson, Alan. Interpreting the Founding: Guide to the Enduring Debates over the Origins and Foundations of the American Republic (2006).ISBN 978-0700614547
Hattem, Michael D. "The Historiography of the American Revolution" Journal of the American Revolution (2013) online outlines ten different scholarly approaches
Morgan, Gwenda. The Debate on the American Revolution (2007). Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0719052415
Schocket, Andrew M. Fighting over the Founders: How We Remember the American Revolution (2014). ISBN 9780814708163, 9781479884100, 9780814771174 . How politicians, screenwriters, activists, biographers, museum professionals, and re-enactors portray the American Revolution. excerpt
Shalhope, Robert E. "Toward a republican synthesis: the emergence of an understanding of republicanism in American historiography." William and Mary Quarterly (1972): 49–80. in JSTOR
Waldstreicher, David. "The Revolutions of Revolution Historiography: Cold War Contradance, Neo-Imperial Waltz, or Jazz Standard?" Reviews in American History 42.1 (2014): 23–35. online
Wood, Gordon S. "Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution." William and Mary Quarterly (1966): 4–32. in JSTOR
Young, Alfred F. and Gregory H. Nobles. Whose American Revolution Was It? Historians Interpret the Founding (2011). NYU Press. ISBN 978-0814797105

Birinci mənbələr

The American Revolution: Writings from the War of Independence (2001), Library of America ASIN B009OEAT8Q
Dann, John C., ed. The Revolution Remembered: Eyewitness Accounts of the War for Independence (1999). ISBN 978-0226136240. excerpt and text search, recollections by ordinary soldiers
Humphrey, Carol Sue, ed. The Revolutionary Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1776 to 1800 (2003), Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313320835, Newspaper accounts excerpt and text search
Jensen, Merill, ed. Tracts of the American Revolution, 1763–1776 (1967). American pamphlets ISBN 978-0872206939
Jensen, Merill, ed. English Historical Documents: American Colonial Documents to 1776: Volume 9 (1955), 890 pp; major collection of important documents ISBN 978-0195195064
Samuel Eliot Morison ed. Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution, 1764–1788, and the Formation of the Federal Constitution (1923). ISBN 978-0195002621.
Murdoch, David H. ed. Rebellion in America: A Contemporary British Viewpoint, 1769–1783 (1979), 900+ pp of annotated excerpts from Annual Registeronline
Martin Kallich and Andrew MacLeish, eds. The American Revolution through British eyes (1962) primary documents
Fifth Virginia Convention. "Preamble and Resolution of the Virginia Convention, May 15, 1776". New Haven, CT: Lillian Goldman Law Library. 1776. September 6, 2010 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: October 2, 2010.

Xarici keçidlər

American Revolution, US National Park Service website portal
American Independence Teaching with Historic Places uses historic places in National Parks and the National Park Service's National Register of Historic Places to enliven history, social studies, geography, civics, and other subjects
Ben Franklin's World, podcast on early America, sponsored by the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. <www.benfranklinsworld.com>
Library of Congress Guide to the American Revolution
"Hessians:" German Soldiers in the American Revolutionary War. Academic blog with original German sources, English translations, and commentary.
Museum of the American Revolution
Revolution! The Atlantic World Reborn, explores the transformations in the world's politics from 1763 to 1815, with particular attention to three revolutions in America, France, and Haiti. Linking the attack on monarchism and aristocracy to the struggle against slavery, it at how freedom, equality, and sovereignty of the people became universal goals. New-York Historical Society
132 historic photographs dealing with the personalities, monuments, weapons and locations of the American Revolution; these are pre-1923 and out of copyright.
Pictures of the Revolutionary War: Select Audiovisual Records, National Archives and Records Administration images, including non-military events and portraits
The Democratic Revolution of the Enlightenment. Legacy of the struggle for independence and democracy.
PBS Television Series Liberty Arxivləşdirilib may 11, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
Chickasaws Conflicted by the American Revolution – Chickasaw.TV
Smithsonian study unit on Revolutionary Money
Black Loyalist Heritage Society
Spanish and Latin American contribution to the American Revolution
American Archives: Documents of the American Revolution at Northern Illinois University Libraries
"Counter-Revolution of 1776": Was U.S. Independence War a Conservative Revolt in Favor of Slavery? Democracy Now! June 27, 2014.
Wikiversity:The Great American Paradox

[AmerikanDevrimi-1] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ The American Revolution: a Very Short Introduction. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 2015. ISBN 978-0190225063.

[1]

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