Meqrellər: Redaktələr arasındakı fərq
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|şəklin izahı = Meqrellər adi həyatda, 1865-ci il |
|şəklin izahı = Meqrellər adi həyatda, 1865-ci il |
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|ümumi sayı = 400 000<ref>Language Policy, Volume 3: [http://books.google.ru/books?id=qaSdffgD9t4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Language+Policy+in+the+Soviet+Union&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=S0HuUt6dOM2thQfwiIDQAw&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Language%20Policy%20in%20the%20Soviet%20Union&f=false Language Policy in the Soviet Union] by [http://slavic.uchicago.edu/faculty-staff/grenoble Lenore A. Grenoble]. Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, U.S.A. Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow: Contents—>5. Caucasus—>2. The Georgian SSR, {{oq|en|Mingrelian and Laz are officially grouped together as one language (Zan), but these two lack mutual intelligibility. Although the Mingrelian population is the largest of these five (with an estimated speaker base of more than 400,000 (see Klimov 2001:53), they do not appear in the Soviet censuses as they were required to declare their ethnicity as Georgian until the 1989 census, when they were recognized as a distinct group.}}</ref> |
|ümumi sayı = 400 000<ref>Language Policy, Volume 3: [http://books.google.ru/books?id=qaSdffgD9t4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Language+Policy+in+the+Soviet+Union&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=S0HuUt6dOM2thQfwiIDQAw&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Language%20Policy%20in%20the%20Soviet%20Union&f=false Language Policy in the Soviet Union] by [http://slavic.uchicago.edu/faculty-staff/grenoble Lenore A. Grenoble]. Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, U.S.A. Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow: Contents—>5. Caucasus—>2. The Georgian SSR, pages 115, 120{{oq|en|Mingrelian and Laz are officially grouped together as one language (Zan), but these two lack mutual intelligibility. Although the Mingrelian population is the largest of these five (with an estimated speaker base of more than 400,000 (see Klimov 2001:53), they do not appear in the Soviet censuses as they were required to declare their ethnicity as Georgian until the 1989 census, when they were recognized as a distinct group......Beyond the Abkhaz and Georgian languages, the three remaining South Caucasian languages spoken in the Georgian SSR—Laz. Mingrelian and Svan—were not developed as written languages. As mentioned above, Soviet linguists treated Laz and Mingrelian as one single language, Zan.54 Linguistically, they are closely related, and share some common innovations, but are not mutually intelligible. Furthermore, speakers do not have a shared sense of ethnic identity but see one another as belonging to different groups. Thus the differences between the two are more language-like than dialect-like. Neither Laz nor Mingrelian has a codified written form, but Mingrelian is sometimes written using Georgian script (Klimov 2001:53). With over 400,000 speakers, Mingrelian is the larger of the two groups, Mingrelian is spoken in the western part of the Georgian SSR and in the Abkhazian ASSR, in a territory extending from the Black Sea to the Tskhenistsqali River, meeting Svan in the North and Laz in the South. Mingrelians are bilingual in Mingrelian and Georgian; those living in the Abkhazian ASSR are bilingual in Abkhaz and Mingrelian. Many do not see themselves as having a separate ethnic identity and consider themselves Georgian (Harris 1991); this may result from decades of Soviet census-taking which equated them with ethnic Georgians. Despite official claims that Mingrelians were fully bilingual in Georgian, there is some evidence that this may not have been the case.}}</ref> |
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13:25, 2 fevral 2014 tarixindəki versiya
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| Meqrellər adi həyatda, 1865-ci il |
| Ümumi sayı |
|---|
| 400 000[1] |
| Qohum xalqlar |
Meqrellər (meqrel მარგალეფი–>latın. marqalepi, gürc. მეგრელები–>latın. meqrelebi) — kartvel dilli xalq.[2][3]
İstinadlar
- ↑ Language Policy, Volume 3: Language Policy in the Soviet Union by Lenore A. Grenoble. Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, U.S.A. Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow: Contents—>5. Caucasus—>2. The Georgian SSR, pages 115, 120Orijinal mətn (ing.)
Mingrelian and Laz are officially grouped together as one language (Zan), but these two lack mutual intelligibility. Although the Mingrelian population is the largest of these five (with an estimated speaker base of more than 400,000 (see Klimov 2001:53), they do not appear in the Soviet censuses as they were required to declare their ethnicity as Georgian until the 1989 census, when they were recognized as a distinct group......Beyond the Abkhaz and Georgian languages, the three remaining South Caucasian languages spoken in the Georgian SSR—Laz. Mingrelian and Svan—were not developed as written languages. As mentioned above, Soviet linguists treated Laz and Mingrelian as one single language, Zan.54 Linguistically, they are closely related, and share some common innovations, but are not mutually intelligible. Furthermore, speakers do not have a shared sense of ethnic identity but see one another as belonging to different groups. Thus the differences between the two are more language-like than dialect-like. Neither Laz nor Mingrelian has a codified written form, but Mingrelian is sometimes written using Georgian script (Klimov 2001:53). With over 400,000 speakers, Mingrelian is the larger of the two groups, Mingrelian is spoken in the western part of the Georgian SSR and in the Abkhazian ASSR, in a territory extending from the Black Sea to the Tskhenistsqali River, meeting Svan in the North and Laz in the South. Mingrelians are bilingual in Mingrelian and Georgian; those living in the Abkhazian ASSR are bilingual in Abkhaz and Mingrelian. Many do not see themselves as having a separate ethnic identity and consider themselves Georgian (Harris 1991); this may result from decades of Soviet census-taking which equated them with ethnic Georgians. Despite official claims that Mingrelians were fully bilingual in Georgian, there is some evidence that this may not have been the case.
- ↑ Картвельская семья языков
- ↑ Энциклопедический словарь Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона. — С.-Пб.: Брокгауз-Ефрон. 1890—1907.Orijinal mətn (rus.)
Мингрельцы: народ картвельской труппы в Закавказье, живет к северу от нижнего течения Риона до реки Ингура, в нынешней Кутаисской губернии, на пространстве 5550 кв. верст; граничит с гурийцами, имеретинцами и сванетами. Часть их живет в низменной плоскости Одиши, покрытой сплошными лесами, а также болотами, среди которых с каждым годом все более и более расширяется культура пашен и виноградников; другая часть живет на горах, где климат здоровее, но почва не везде удобна для земледелия. Численность М. около 150000 человек, а вместе со сходными с ними по строению тела лазами (см.) — 214499 человек; язык их не очень отличается от грузинского (см. Кавказские языки). М., особенно женщины, отличаются замечательной красотой, не представляя, однако, определенного типа: встречаются одинаково брюнеты и блондины. Занятия их, кроме хлебопашества, — виноделие, шелководство, садоводство, огородничество, разведение табака, хлопчатой бумаги, рыболовство и отчасти скотоводство. М. — народ способный и восприимчивый, упрямый, мстительный и грязный; последнее обстоятельство зависит от крайней их бедности. Сакли их помещающиеся поодиночке в густоте леса — крытые дранью тесовые амбары с двумя пролетными дверьми или сплетенные из ракитника избушки (пацхи), крытые травой ясли. Для защиты от дождя и ветра сакля ютится обыкновенно возле гигантского чинара или орешника, под тенью которого находится и все хозяйство М.: несколько гряд гоми или кукурузы, 2—3 виноградных лозы и арбузы с дынями, прицепившиеся к забору. От бедности М. зависит и часто встречающееся среди них воровство, особенно конокрадство, в старину имевшее даже свою организацию. Одежда богатых М. — темно-синяя чуха, отороченная и украшенная галунами, а под ней бледно-голубой шелковый архалух; на голове папанаки — плоская шапочка, обшитая золотом. Женщины простого звания на голове носят большой платок, закрывающий все лицо, кроме глаз и носа. Они народ очень музыкальный; среди их напевов есть очень мелодичные (записаны с приложением нот X. Гроздовым в "Сборнике материалов для описания местностей и племен Кавказа", XVIII, 1894); свои песни они исполняют под аккомпанемент "чонгури" — инструмента вроде балалайки. Кроме песен, народное творчество М. выразилось еще в сказках; ряд их в русском переводе записан Ш. Ломинадзе (см. "Сборник", там же).
