Yevangelizm

Evangelizm ilə səhv salmayın.

Yevangelizm, Yevangelikalizm, Yevangelik xristianlıq və ya Yevangelik protestantlıq — Protestantlıq daxilində İncilin mahiyyətinin yalnız lütf vasitəsilə, İsanın kəffarəsinə iman gətirməklə xilas olmaq təlimindən ibarət olduğuna inanan qlobal bir dini hərəkat.

Yevangeliklər Müqəddəs Kitabı Rəbbin bəşəriyyətə vəhyi kimi ali avtoritet hesab edir və xristian mesajının yayılmasında fərdi "yenidən doğulma" (ing. born again) təcrübəsinin mərkəzi roluna inanırlar.

Kökləri və tarixi

Yevangelikalizmin mənşəyi adətən 1738-ci ilə — Pietizm, Puritanlıq, Presviterianlıq və Moraviya Kilsəsi (xüsusilə yepiskop Nikolaus Zinzendorf və Herrnhut icması) kimi müxtəlif teoloji cərəyanların birləşdiyi dövrə aid edilir. Bu hərəkatın alovlanmasında Con Vesli və digər erkən metodistlərin "Böyük Oyanış" (ing. First Great Awakening) dövründəki fəaliyyətləri mühüm rol oynamışdır.

XVIII və XIX əsrlərdə Britaniya və ABŞ-dəkı "Oyanış" hərəkatları ilə geniş vüsət alan yevangelikalizmin əsas tarixi simaları arasında Con Vesli, Corc Vaytfild, Conatan Edvards, müasir dövrdə isə Billi Qrem və Con Stott kimi şəxslər yer alırlar.

Müasir vəziyyəti

2016-cı ilin təxmini məlumatlarına görə, dünyada 619 milyon yevangelik yaşayır ki, bu da hər dörd xristiandan birinin yevangelik olması deməkdir.

• ABŞ: Dünyanın ən böyük yevangelik əhalisinə ev sahibliyi edir. Amerikalı yevangeliklər ölkə əhalisinin dörddə birini və ən böyük dini qrupunu təşkil edirlər.
• Məzhəblərarası xüsusiyyəti: Yevangeliklər tək bir kilsədə deyil, müxtəlif protestant qollarında — xüsusilə Baptistlər, Metodistlər, Pentekostallar və Kalvinist kilsələrində cəmləşmişdirlər.

İnanc prinsipləri

Yevangelikalizm dörd əsas sütun üzərində dayanır:

1. Biblisizm: Müqəddəs Kitabın hər mövzuda mütləq avtoritet kimi qəbul edilməsi.
2. Krusiotsentrizm: İsanın çarmıxa çəkilməsi və kəffarəsinin mərkəzi rolu.
3. Konversionizm: Fərdin həyatını dəyişdirən bir "yenidən doğulma" təcrübəsinə ehtiyacı.
4. Aktivizm: İncilin və xristian mesajının missionerlik və sosial fəaliyyətlərlə yayılması.

Biblioqrafiya

• Balmer, Randall. Evangelicalism in America (Baylor University Press, 2016). xvi, 199 pp.
• Balmer, Randall Herbert, Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism, Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-664-22409-7, İstifadə tarixi: 25 oktyabr 2011.
• Bauder, Kevin, Fundamentalism // Naselli, Andrew; Hansen, Collin (redaktorlar ), Four Views on the Spectrum of Evangelicalism, Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2011, ISBN 978-0-310-55581-0
• Bebbington, David W, Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s, London: Routledge, 1993
• Chesnut, R. Andrew, Born Again in Brazil: The Pentecostal Boom and the Pathogens of Poverty, Rutgers University Press, 1997, ISBN 9780813524061.
• Dayton, Donald W., Some Doubts about the Usefulness of the Category 'Evangelical' // Dayton, Donald W.; Johnston, Robert K. (redaktorlar ), The Variety of American Evangelicalism, Knoxville, TN: The University of Tennessee Press, 1991, ISBN 1-57233-158-5
• Ellingsen, Mark, Lutheranism // Dayton, Donald W.; Johnston, Robert K. (redaktorlar ), The Variety of American Evangelicalism, Knoxville, TN: The University of Tennessee Press, 1991, ISBN 1-57233-158-5
• Himmelstein, Jerome L., To The Right: The Transformation of American Conservatism, University of California Press, 1990.
• Longfield, Bradley J., Presbyterians and American Culture: A History, Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2013
• Lovelace, Richard F., The American Pietism of Cotton Mather: Origins of American Evangelicalism, Wipf & Stock, 2007, ISBN 9781556353925
• Marsden, George M, Understanding Fundamentalism and Evangelicalism, Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans, 1991, ISBN 0-8028-0539-6
• Martin, William, With God on Our Side: The Rise of the Religious Right in America, New York: Broadway Books, 1996, ISBN 0-7679-2257-3
• Mohler, Albert, Confessional Evangelicalism // Naselli, Andrew; Hansen, Collin (redaktorlar ), Four Views on the Spectrum of Evangelicalism, Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2011, ISBN 978-0-310-55581-0
• Noll, Mark A., The Rise of Evangelicalism: The Age of Edwards, Whitefield and the Wesleys, Inter-Varsity, 2004, ISBN 1-84474-001-3
• Ohlmann, Eric H., Baptists and Evangelicals // Dayton, Donald W.; Johnston, Robert K. (redaktorlar ), The Variety of American Evangelicalism, Knoxville, TN: The University of Tennessee Press, 1991, ISBN 1-57233-158-5
• Olson, Roger, Postconservative Evangelicalism // Naselli, Andrew; Hansen, Collin (redaktorlar ), Four Views on the Spectrum of Evangelicalism, Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2011, ISBN 978-0-310-55581-0
• Onishi, Bradley. "The Rise of #Exvangelical". Religion & Politics. 9 aprel 2019. İstifadə tarixi: 2 sentyabr 2021.
• Puzynin, Andrey P. The Tradition of the Gospel Christians: A Study of Their Identity and Theology during the Russian, Soviet, and Post-Soviet Periods. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. 2011. ISBN 9781630876883.
• Randall, Kelvin, Evangelicals etcetera: conflict and conviction in the Church of England, 2005
• Ranger, Terence O, redaktorEvangelical Christianity and Democracy in Africa, Oxford University Press, 2008.
• Reimer, Sam. Evangelicals and the Continental Divide: The Conservative Protestant Subculture in Canada and the United States. McGill-Queen's Press. 2003.
• Shantz, Douglas H., An Introduction to German Pietism: Protestant Renewal at the Dawn of Modern Europe, JHU, 2013, ISBN 9781421408309
• Stanley, Brian. The Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism: The Age of Billy Graham and John Stott. IVP Academic. 2013. ISBN 978-0-8308-2585-1.
• Sutton, Matthew Avery. American Apocalypse: A History of Modern Evangelicalism (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2014). 480 pp. online review Arxivləşdirilib avqust 6, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
• Sweeney, Douglas A. The American Evangelical Story: A History of the Movement. Baker Academic. 2005. ISBN 978-1-58558-382-9.
• Tomlinson, Dave. The Post-Evangelical. Harper Collins. 2007. ISBN 978-0-310-25385-3.
• Trueman, Carl, The Real Scandal of the Evangelical Mind, Moody Publishers, 2011
• Witvliet, John D., Worship // McDermott, Gerald (redaktor), The Oxford Handbook of Evangelical Theology, Oxford University Press, 2010, 310–324, ISBN 9780195369441
• Wolffe, John. The Expansion of Evangelicalism: The Age of Wilberforce, More, Chalmers and Finney. A History of Evangelicalism. 2. InterVarsity Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8308-2582-0.
• Worthen, Molly. Apostles of Reason: The Crisis of Authority in American Evangelicalism. Oxford University Press. 2014. ISBN 978-0-19-989646-2.

Əlavə ədəbiyyat siyahısı

• Balmer, Randall Herbert, Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism (excerpt and text search) (2nd), Westminster John Knox Press, 2004, ISBN 9780664224097; online.
• ———, The Making of Evangelicalism: From Revivalism to Politics and Beyond, Baylor University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-1-60258-243-9.
• ———, Blessed Assurance: A History of Evangelicalism in America, 2000
• Bastian, Jean-Pierre, Le Protestantisme en Amérique latine: une approche sio-historique [Protestantism in Latin America: a sio-historical approach], Histoire et société (fransız), Genève: Labor et Fides, 1994, ISBN 2-8309-0684-5; alternative ISBN on back cover, 2-8309-0687-X; 324 pp.
• Beale, David O, In Pursuit of Purity: American Fundamentalism Since 1850, Greenville, SC: Bob Jones University: Unusual, 1986, ISBN 0-89084-350-3.
• Bebbington, D. W., Evangelicals in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s, London: Unwin, 1989.
• Carpenter, Joel A., "Fundamentalist Institutions and the Rise of Evangelical Protestantism, 1929–1942", Church History, 49 (1), 1980: 62–75, doi:10.2307/3164640, JSTOR 3164640.
• ———, Revive Us Again: The Reawakening of American Fundamentalism, Oxford University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-19-512907-5.
• Case, Jay Riley. An Unpredictable Gospel: American Evangelicals and World Christianity, 1812-1920. Oxford UP. 2012. ISBN 9780199772322.
• Chapman, Mark B., "American Evangelical Attitudes Toward Catholicism: Post-World War II to Vatican II," U.S. Catholic Historian, 33#1 (Winter 2015), 25–54.
• Everdell, William R., The Evangelical Counter-Enlightenment, Springer Nature, 2021, ISBN 978-3-030-69761-7.
• Freston, Paul, Evangelicals and Politics in Asia, Africa and Latin America, Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-521-60429-X.
• Hindmarsh, Bruce, The Evangelical Conversion Narrative: Spiritual Autobiography in Early Modern England, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
• Hummel, Daniel G. The Rise and Fall of Dispensationalism: How the Evangelical Battle over the End Times Shaped a Nation. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. 2023. ISBN 978-0-802-87922-6.
• Kidd, Thomas S, The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America, Yale University Press, 2007.
• Knox, Ronald, Enthusiasm: a Chapter in the History of Religion, with Special Reference to the XVII and XVIII Centuries, Oxford, Eng: Oxford University Press, 1950, viii, 622 pp.
• Luhrmann, Tanya (2012) When God Talks Back-Understanding the American Evangelical Relationship with God, Knopf
• Marsden, George M. Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth-Century Evangelicalism, 1870–1925. New York: Oxford University Press. 1982. ISBN 9780195030839.
• Marsden, George M., Reforming Fundamentalism: Fuller Seminary and the New Evangelicalism, Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1987.
• Noll, Mark A., A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1992, 311–89, ISBN 0-8028-0651-1.
• Noll, Mark A; Bebbington, David W; Rawlyk, George A, redaktorlar Evangelicalism: Comparative Studies of Popular Protestantism in North America, the British Isles and Beyond, 1700–1990, 1994.
• Pierard, Richard V., "The Quest For the Historical Evangelicalism: A Bibliographical Excursus", Fides et Historia, 11 (2), 1979, 60–72.
• Price, Robert M., "Neo-Evangelicals and Scripture: A Forgotten Period of Ferment", Christian Scholars Review, 15 (4), 1986, 315–30.
• Rawlyk, George A; Noll, Mark A, redaktorlar Amazing Grace: Evangelicalism in Australia, Britain, Canada, and the United States, 1993.
• Reeves, Michael, Gospel People: A Call for Evangelical Integrity, Wheaton, IL.: Crossway, 2022, ISBN 978-1-4335-7293-7.
• Schafer, Axel R, Countercultural Conservatives: American Evangelicalism From the Postwar Revival to the New Christian Right, U. of Wisconsin Press, 2011, 225 pp; covers evangelical politics from the 1940s to the 1990s that examines how a diverse, politically pluralistic movement became, largely, the Christian Right.
• Smith, Timothy L, Revivalism and Social Reform: American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War, 1957.
• Stackhouse, John G, Canadian Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century, 1993
• Sutton, Matthew Avery. American Apocalypse: A history of modern evangelicalism (2014)
• Utzinger, J. Michael, Yet Saints Their Watch Are Keeping: Fundamentalists, Modernists, and the Development of Evangelical Ecclesiology, 1887–1937, Macon: Mercer University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-86554-902-8.
• Ward, W. R., Early Evangelicalism: A Global Intellectual History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 0521158125.
• Wigger, John H; Hatch, Nathan O, redaktorlar Methodism and the Shaping of American Culture, 2001.
• Wright, Bradley, What, exactly, is Evangelical Christianity?, series on Evangelical Christianity in America, Patheos (Black, White and Gray blog), 21 mart 2013.

Missiyalar

• Anderson, Gerald H, redaktorBiographical dictionary of Christian missions, Simon & Schuster Macmillan, 1998.
• Bainbridge, William F, Around the World Tour of Christian Missions: A Universal Survey, 1882, 583 pp.
• Barrett, David, redaktorWorld Christian Encyclopedia, Oxford University Press, 1982.
• Brown, Candy Gunther, redaktorGlobal Pentecostal and Charismatic Healing (essays by scholars on different countries), Oxford UP, 2011, 400 pp.
• Etherington, Norman, redaktorMissions and Empire, Oxford History of the British Empire Companion, 2008.
• Gailey, Charles R; Culbertson, Howard, Discovering Missions, Kansas City: Beacon Hill Press, 2007.
• Glover, Robert H; Kane, J Herbert, The Progress of World-Wide Missions, Harper & Row, 1960.
• Hutchison, William R, Errand to the World: American Protestant Thought and Foreign Missions, 1987.
• Jenkins, Philip, The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity (3rd), Oxford UP, 2011.
• Kane, J. Herbert, A Concise History of the Christian World Mission, Baker, 1982.
• Koschorke, Klaus, A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450–1990: A Documentary Sourcebook (Google Books), et al., Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2007, ISBN 9780802828897
• Latourette, Kenneth Scott, A History of the Expansion of Christianity, (1938–45) (detailed scholarly history), 7 volumes.
• Moreau, A. Scott, Evangelical Dictionary of World Missions, et al, Baker, 2000.
• Neill, Stephen, A History of Christian Missions, Penguin, 1986.
• Newcomb, Harvey, A Cyclopedia of Missions: Containing a Comprehensive View of Missionary Operations Throughout the World with Geographical Descriptions, and Accounts of the Social, Moral, and Religious Condition of the People (Google Books), 1860, 792 pp.
• Pocock, Michael; van Rheenen, Gailyn; McConnell, Douglas, The Changing Face of World Missions: Engaging Contemporary Issues and Trends, 2005; 391 pp.
• Shenk, Wilbert R, redaktorNorth American Foreign Missions, 1810–1914: Theology, Theory, and Policy, 2004. 349 pp; important essays by scholars.
• Tejirian, Eleanor H; Simon, Reeva Spector, redaktorlar Conflict, Conquest, and Conversion: Two Thousand Years of Christian Missions in the Middle East, Columbia University Press, 2012, 280 pp; focus on the 19th and 20th centuries.
• Tucker, Ruth, From Jerusalem to Irian Jaya, 2004.
• ———, Guardians of the Great Commission, 1988.

Xarici keçidlər

• Institute for the Study of American Evangelicalism, Wheaton College, 6 avqust 2002 tarixində orijinalından arxivləşdirilib, İstifadə tarixi: 10 avqust 2002.
• Spencer, Michael, "The Coming Evangelical Collapse", The Christian Science Monitor, 10 mart 2009.
• Modern Evangelical African Theologians: A Primer, Need not fret, 14 iyul 2011 tarixində orijinalından arxivləşdirilib, İstifadə tarixi: 13 may 2010.
• "American Evangelicalism and Islam: From the Antichrist to the Mahdi", Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World, Germany: Qantara, 19 iyul 2010.
• Operation World – Statistics from around the world including numbers of Evangelicals by country.
• World Evangelical Alliance, 14 mart 2015 tarixində orijinalından arxivləşdirilib, İstifadə tarixi: 15 mart 2015 (WEA)
• FULLER Magazine Issue No. 2 – Evangelical, Archived from the original on 3 sentyabr 2015, İstifadə tarixi: 2 sentyabr 2015 – An exploration of what it means to be Evangelical