Pax Americana
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"Pax Americana"[1][2][3] (Paks Amerikana; hərf. Amerika sülhü) — 1945-ci ildə İkinci Dünya müharibəsi başa çatdıqdan sonra, ABŞ dünyanın dominant iqtisadi, mədəni və hərbi gücünə çevrildiyi zaman Qərb yarımkürəsində və daha sonra dünyada nisbi sülh anlayışına tətbiq edilən termin.[4] "Pax Romana" və "Pax Britannica" terminlərindən modelləşdirilmişdir.
Bu mənada "Pax Americana" ABŞ-nin digər dövlətlərə nisbətən hərbi və iqtisadi mövqeyini təsvir etmişdir. ABŞ-nin Qərbi Avropa ölkələrinə iqtisadi bərpa proqramlarında 13,3 milyard dollar (2023-cü ildə 173 milyard dollara bərabərdir) köçürdüyü ABŞ Marşal planı "Pax Americana"nın işə salınması" kimi təsvir edilmişdir.[5]
Həmçinin bax[redaktə | mənbəni redaktə et]
İstinadlar[redaktə | mənbəni redaktə et]
- ↑ Nye, Joseph S. "The Changing Nature of World Power". Political Science Quarterly. 105 (2). 1990: 177–192. doi:10.2307/2151022. JSTOR 2151022.
- ↑ Kirchwey, George W. "Pax Americana". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 72. 1917: 40–48. doi:10.1177/000271621707200109.
- ↑ Abbott, Lyman, Hamilton Wright Mabie, Ernest Hamlin Abbott, and Francis Rufus Bellamy. The Outlook. New York: Outlook Co, 1898. "Expansion not Imperialism" p. 465. (cf. [...] Felix Adler [states ...] "if, instead of establishing the Pax Americana so far as our influence avails throughout this continent, we should enter into' the field of Old World strife, and seek the sort of glory that is written in human blood." Here it is assumed that we have failed in establishing self-government, and propose to substitute, at least in other lands, an Old World form of government. This sort of argument has no effect on the expansionist, because he believes that we have magnificently succeeded in our problem, in spite of failures, neglects, and violations of our own principles, and because what he wishes to do is, not to abandon the experiment, but, inspired by the successes of the past, extend the Pax Americana over lands not included in this continent.")
- ↑ "Definition of PAX AMERICANA". merriam-webster.com. February 24, 2022 tarixində arxivləşdirilib. İstifadə tarixi: August 1, 2018.
- ↑ Mee, Charles L. The Marshall Plan: The Launching of the Pax Americana (ingilis). Simon and Schuster. 1984. ISBN 978-0-671-42149-6.
Əlavə ədəbiyyat[redaktə | mənbəni redaktə et]
- Ankerl, Guy. Global communication without universal civilization // Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese and Western. INU Societal Research. 1. Geneva: INU Press. 2000. 256–332. ISBN 978-2-88155-004-1.
- Brown, Michael E. America's Strategic Choices. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2000. ISBN 9780262265249.
- Burton, Paul J. "Pax Romana/Pax Americana: Views of the "New Rome" from "Old Europe", 2000–2010". International Journal of the Classical Tradition. 20 (1–2). 2013: 15–40. doi:10.1007/s12138-013-0320-0.
- Clarke, Peter. The last thousand days of the British empire: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the birth of the Pax Americana (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010)
- Gottlieb, Gidon. Nation against State: A New Approach to Ethnic Conflicts and the Decline of Sovereignty. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press. 1993. ISBN 9780876091562.
- Hull, William I. The Monroe Doctrine: National or International. New York: G.P. Putnam. 1915.
- Kahrstedt, Ulrich. Pax Americana; ein historische Betrachtung am Wendepunkte der europäischen Geschichte [Pax Americana, a historical look at the turning points in European history] (alman). Munich: Drei Masken Verlag. 1920.
- Kiernan, V. G. America, the New Imperialism: From White Settlement to World Hegemony. London: Verso. 2005. ISBN 9781844675227.
- Kupchan, Charles. The End of the American Era: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Geopolitics of the 21st-century. New York: A. Knopf. 2002.[ölü keçid]
- Layne, Christopher. "This Time It's Real: The End of Unipolarity and the Pax Americana". International Studies Quarterly. 56 (1). 2012: 203–213. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00704.x. JSTOR 41409832.
- LaFeber, Walter. The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860–1898. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0801485954.
- Lears, Jackson, "The Forgotten Crime of War Itself" (review of Samuel Moyn, Humane: How the United States Abandoned Peace and Reinvented War, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2021, 400 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXIX, no. 7 (April 21, 2022), pp. 40–42. "After September 11 [2001] no politician asked whether the proper response to a terrorist attack should be a US war or an international police action. [...] Debating torture or other abuses, while indisputably valuable, has diverted Americans from 'deliberating on the deeper choice they were making to ignore constraints on starting war in the first place.' [W]ar itself causes far more suffering than violations of its rules." (p. 40.)
- Louis, William Roger. The Pax Americana: Sir Keith Hancock, The British Empire, and American Expansion // Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization: Collected Essays. London: I.B. Tauris. 2006. 999+. ISBN 9781845113476.
- Mee, Charles L. The Marshall Plan: The launching of the pax americana (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984)
- Narlikar, Amrita; Kumar, Rajiv. "From Pax Americana to Pax Mosaica? Bargaining over a New Economic Order". The Political Quarterly. 83 (2). 2012: 384–394. doi:10.1111/j.1467-923X.2012.02294.x.
- Nye, Joseph S. Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. New York: Basic Books. 1990. ISBN 9780465007448.
- Snow, Francis Haffkine. "American as a World Tyrant: A German Historian's Attempt to Prove That Europe is Becoming a Serf of the United States". Current History. 13. 1921.
Xarici keçidlər[redaktə | mənbəni redaktə et]
- The end of the Pax Americana? by Michael Lind
- Why America Thinks it Has to Run the World by Benjamin Schwarz
- It’s Over, Over There: The Coming Crack-up in Transatlantic Relations by Christopher Layne
- War in the Contest for a New World Order by Peter Gowan
- So it must be for ever by Thomas Meaney
- Instrumental Internationalism: The American Origins of the United Nations, 1940–3 by Stephen Wertheim
- What are we there for? by Tom Stevenson
- Peter Gowan interview on U.S. foreign policy since 1945, Interview with Against the Grain