Cabir ibn Həyyan

CABİR İBN HƏYYAN
CABİR İBN HƏYYAN
	Əbu Musa Cabir ibn Həyyan
Digər adı	Geber
Doğum tarixi	721
Doğum yeri	Tus
Vəfat tarixi	815
Vəfat yeri	Kufə
Fəaliyyəti	astronom, filosof, riyaziyyatçı, həkim, universal insan, təbib
	Vikianbarda əlaqəli mediafayllar

Əbu Abdulla Cabir ibn Həyyan əd-Əzdi əs-Sufi (fars. جابر بن حيان‎; Tus, təx. 721, — Əl-Kufə, təx. 815) — Ərəb^[2]^[3] və ya Türk əsilli^[4] əlkimyaçı, həkim, əczaçı, riyaziyyatçı, astronom. Əczaçı Həyyan əd-Əzdinin ailəsində dünyaya gəlib. Orta əsrlər Avropasında Geber adı ilə tanınıb. Cabir ibn Həyyan Şiələrin 6-cı İmamı, İmam Cəfər Əs-Sadiqin (s) tələbəsi olmuşdur. Kimya elmini ona, o Həzrət (ə.s) öyrətmişdir.

Həyatı[redaktə | mənbəni redaktə et]

İbn Həyyan ilk dəfə kimyada (əlkimyada) eksperimental metodları tətbiq etmiş və müasir kimya elmində indi də geniş şəkildə istifadə olunan bir sıra mühüm kimyəvi proseslərı kəşf etmişdir. Bunlardan xlorid və nitrat turşularının sintezini, kimyəvi məhlulların distillə edilməsi və kristallizasiya kimi kimyəvi prosesləri misal göstərmək olar. Onun əsərlərinin orijinalı olduqca mürəkkəb və anlaşılmaz qaydada yazılmışdır və çox ehtimal ki şifrələnmişdir. Bu şifrələri açmaq isə müasir günümüzə qədər mümkün olmamışdır. İlk baxışdan İbn Həyyanın əsərləri kimyəvi maddələrin ərəbcə adlarından ibarət düşünülmüş, mürəkkəb kimyəvi numeraloji sistemə əsaslanır. Bundan əlavə ibn Həyyan təkvin- laboratoriya şəraitində canlıların süni yolla yaradılması kimi yüksək, mütərəqqi, o dövr üçün ağlasığmaz ideyanı da irəli sürmüş və üzərində çalışmışdır.

Cabir ibn Həyyanın bir alim kimi formalaşmasında müəllimi Cəfər əl-Sadiqin misilsiz rolu olmuşdur. Onda kimyaya olan sonsuz marağı başlıca olaraq məhz Cəfər əs-Sadiq oyatmışdır.

Elmi əsərləri[redaktə | mənbəni redaktə et]

Cabir ibn Həyyanın elmi əsərlərini dörd kateqoriyaya bölmək olar:

112 Kitab - xəlifə Harun ər-Rəşidin vəzirlərinə ithaf olunmuşdur. Bu qrup əsərlərinə "Zümrüd lövhə" əsəri aiddir. Bu əsər orta əsrlərdə latın dilinə tərcümə edilmiş (Tabula Smaragdina) və Avropa əlkimyaçılarının masaüstü kitabına çevrilmişdir.
Yetmiş Kitab - bu kateqoriyaya daxil olan əsərlərinin əksəriyyəti latın dilinə tərcümə olunmuşdur. Buraya "Kitab əl-Zöhrə" (Zöhrə ulduzuna dair kitab) və "Kitab əl-Əhcər" (Daşlar haqqında kitab) əsərləri daxildir.
Kimyəvi distilləyə dair on kitab - bu əsərində antik yunan "əlkimyaçıları" - Pifaqor, Sokrat, Platon, Aristotel haqqında məlumat verir.
Tarazlığa dair kitablar - bu qrupa ən məşhur əsəri - "Təbiətdə kimyəvi tarazlıq nəzəriyyəsi" daxildir.

Həmçinin bax[redaktə | mənbəni redaktə et]

Müsəlman alimlərinin siyahısı

İstinadlar[redaktə | mənbəni redaktə et]

↑ ¹ ² Jābir ibn Ḥayyān // Trove. 2009.
↑ Djābir B. Ḥayyān // Encyclopaedia of Islam. 2 (2nd). Brill Academic Publishers. 1962. 357–359. (#redundant_parameters); (#first_missing_last)
↑ Holmyard, Eric John, "Introduction" to The Works of Geber, translated by Richard Russell (London: Dent, 1928), p. vii: "Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan, generally known merely as Jabir, was the son of a druggist belonging to the famous South Arabian tribe of Al-Azd. Members of this tribe had settled at the town of Kufa, in Iraq, shortly after the Muhammadan conquest in the seventh century A.D., and it was in Kufa that Hayyan the druggist lived."
↑
* William R. Newman, Gehennical Fire: The Lives of George Starkey, an American Alchemist in the Scientific Revolution, Harvard University Press, 1994. p.94: "According to traditional bio-bibliography of Muslims, Jabir ibn Hayyan was a Persian alchemist who lived at some time in the eight century and wrote a wealth of books on virtually every aspect of natural philosophy"
- William R. Newman, The Occult and Manifest Among the Alchemist, in F. J. Ragep, Sally P Ragep, Steven John Livesey, Tradition, Transmission, Transformation: Proceedings of Two Conferences on pre-Modern science held at University of Oklahoma, Brill, 1996/1997, p.178: "This language of extracting the hidden nature formed an important lemma for the extensive corpus associated with the Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan"
- Henry Corbin, "The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy", Translated by Joseph H. Rowe, North Atlantic Books, 1998. p.45: "The Nisba al-Azdin certainly does not necessarily indicate Arab origin. Geber seems to have been a client (mawla) of the Azd tribe established in Kufa"
- Tamara M. Green, "The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran (Religions in the Graeco-Roman World)", Brill, 1992. p.177: "His most famous student was the Persian *Jabir ibn Hayyan (b. circa 721 C.E.), under whose name the vast corpus of alchemical writing circulated in the medieval period in both the east and west, although many of the works attributed to Jabir have been demonstrated to be likely product of later Ismaili' tradition."
- David Gordon White, "The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India", University of Chicago Press, 1996. p.447
- William R. Newman, Promethean Ambitions: Alchemy and the Quest to Perfect Nature, University of Chicago Press, 2004. p.181: "The corpus ascribed to the eight-century Persian sage Jabir ibn Hayyan.."
- Wilbur Applebaum, The Scientific revolution and the foundation of modern science, Greenwood Press, 1995. p.44: "The chief source of Arabic alchemy was associated with the name, in its Latinized form, of Geber, an eighth-century Persian."
- Neil Kamil, Fortress of the Soul: Violence, Metaphysics, and Material Life in the Huguenots New World, 1517–1751 (Early America: History, Context, Culture), JHU Press, 2005. p.182: "The ninth-century Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan, also known as Geber, is accurately called pseudo-Geber since most of the works published under this name in the West were forgeries"
- Aleksandr Sergeevich Povarennykh, Crystal Chemical Classification of Minerals, Plenum Press, 1972, v.1, ISBN 0-306-30348-5, p.4: "The first to give separate consideration to minerals and other inorganic substances were the following: The Persian alchemist Jabir (721–815)..."
- George Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, Pub. for the Carnegie Institution of Washington, by the Williams & Wilkins Company, 1931, vol.2 pt.1, page 1044: "Was Geber, as the name would imply, the Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Haiyan?"
- Dan Merkur, in The psychoanalytic study of society (eds. Bryce Boyer, et al.), vol. 18, Routledge, ISBN 0-88163-161-2, page 352: "I would note that the Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan developed the theory that all metals consist of different 'balances' ..."
- Anthony Gross, The Dissolution of the Lancastrian Kingship: Sir John Fortescue and the Crisis of Monarchy in Fifteenth-century England, Paul
- Watkins, 1996, ISBN 1-871615-90-9, p.19: "Ever since the Seventy Books attributed to the Persian alchemist Jabir Ibn Hayyan had been translated into Latin ...."

Xarici keçidlər[redaktə | mənbəni redaktə et]

[_382ee282d0ef1f4c-1] ¹ ² Jābir ibn Ḥayyān // Trove. 2009.

[EI2-2] Djābir B. Ḥayyān // Encyclopaedia of Islam. 2 (2nd). Brill Academic Publishers. 1962. 357–359. (#redundant_parameters); (#first_missing_last)

[3] Holmyard, Eric John, "Introduction" to The Works of Geber, translated by Richard Russell (London: Dent, 1928), p. vii: "Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan, generally known merely as Jabir, was the son of a druggist belonging to the famous South Arabian tribe of Al-Azd. Members of this tribe had settled at the town of Kufa, in Iraq, shortly after the Muhammadan conquest in the seventh century A.D., and it was in Kufa that Hayyan the druggist lived."

[William-4] * William R. Newman, Gehennical Fire: The Lives of George Starkey, an American Alchemist in the Scientific Revolution, Harvard University Press, 1994. p.94: "According to traditional bio-bibliography of Muslims, Jabir ibn Hayyan was a Persian alchemist who lived at some time in the eight century and wrote a wealth of books on virtually every aspect of natural philosophy"
William R. Newman, The Occult and Manifest Among the Alchemist, in F. J. Ragep, Sally P Ragep, Steven John Livesey, Tradition, Transmission, Transformation: Proceedings of Two Conferences on pre-Modern science held at University of Oklahoma, Brill, 1996/1997, p.178: "This language of extracting the hidden nature formed an important lemma for the extensive corpus associated with the Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan"

Henry Corbin, "The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy", Translated by Joseph H. Rowe, North Atlantic Books, 1998. p.45: "The Nisba al-Azdin certainly does not necessarily indicate Arab origin. Geber seems to have been a client (mawla) of the Azd tribe established in Kufa"

Tamara M. Green, "The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran (Religions in the Graeco-Roman World)", Brill, 1992. p.177: "His most famous student was the Persian *Jabir ibn Hayyan (b. circa 721 C.E.), under whose name the vast corpus of alchemical writing circulated in the medieval period in both the east and west, although many of the works attributed to Jabir have been demonstrated to be likely product of later Ismaili' tradition."

David Gordon White, "The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India", University of Chicago Press, 1996. p.447

William R. Newman, Promethean Ambitions: Alchemy and the Quest to Perfect Nature, University of Chicago Press, 2004. p.181: "The corpus ascribed to the eight-century Persian sage Jabir ibn Hayyan.."

Wilbur Applebaum, The Scientific revolution and the foundation of modern science, Greenwood Press, 1995. p.44: "The chief source of Arabic alchemy was associated with the name, in its Latinized form, of Geber, an eighth-century Persian."

Neil Kamil, Fortress of the Soul: Violence, Metaphysics, and Material Life in the Huguenots New World, 1517–1751 (Early America: History, Context, Culture), JHU Press, 2005. p.182: "The ninth-century Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan, also known as Geber, is accurately called pseudo-Geber since most of the works published under this name in the West were forgeries"

Aleksandr Sergeevich Povarennykh, Crystal Chemical Classification of Minerals, Plenum Press, 1972, v.1, ISBN 0-306-30348-5, p.4: "The first to give separate consideration to minerals and other inorganic substances were the following: The Persian alchemist Jabir (721–815)..."

George Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, Pub. for the Carnegie Institution of Washington, by the Williams & Wilkins Company, 1931, vol.2 pt.1, page 1044: "Was Geber, as the name would imply, the Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Haiyan?"

Dan Merkur, in The psychoanalytic study of society (eds. Bryce Boyer, et al.), vol. 18, Routledge, ISBN 0-88163-161-2, page 352: "I would note that the Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan developed the theory that all metals consist of different 'balances' ..."

Anthony Gross, The Dissolution of the Lancastrian Kingship: Sir John Fortescue and the Crisis of Monarchy in Fifteenth-century England, Paul

Watkins, 1996, ISBN 1-871615-90-9, p.19: "Ever since the Seventy Books attributed to the Persian alchemist Jabir Ibn Hayyan had been translated into Latin ...."

[5] William R. Newman, The Occult and Manifest Among the Alchemist, in F. J. Ragep, Sally P Ragep, Steven John Livesey, Tradition, Transmission, Transformation: Proceedings of Two Conferences on pre-Modern science held at University of Oklahoma, Brill, 1996/1997, p.178: "This language of extracting the hidden nature formed an important lemma for the extensive corpus associated with the Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan"

[6] Henry Corbin, "The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy", Translated by Joseph H. Rowe, North Atlantic Books, 1998. p.45: "The Nisba al-Azdin certainly does not necessarily indicate Arab origin. Geber seems to have been a client (mawla) of the Azd tribe established in Kufa"

[7] Tamara M. Green, "The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran (Religions in the Graeco-Roman World)", Brill, 1992. p.177: "His most famous student was the Persian *Jabir ibn Hayyan (b. circa 721 C.E.), under whose name the vast corpus of alchemical writing circulated in the medieval period in both the east and west, although many of the works attributed to Jabir have been demonstrated to be likely product of later Ismaili' tradition."

[8] David Gordon White, "The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India", University of Chicago Press, 1996. p.447

[9] William R. Newman, Promethean Ambitions: Alchemy and the Quest to Perfect Nature, University of Chicago Press, 2004. p.181: "The corpus ascribed to the eight-century Persian sage Jabir ibn Hayyan.."

[10] Wilbur Applebaum, The Scientific revolution and the foundation of modern science, Greenwood Press, 1995. p.44: "The chief source of Arabic alchemy was associated with the name, in its Latinized form, of Geber, an eighth-century Persian."

[11] Neil Kamil, Fortress of the Soul: Violence, Metaphysics, and Material Life in the Huguenots New World, 1517–1751 (Early America: History, Context, Culture), JHU Press, 2005. p.182: "The ninth-century Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan, also known as Geber, is accurately called pseudo-Geber since most of the works published under this name in the West were forgeries"

[12] Aleksandr Sergeevich Povarennykh, Crystal Chemical Classification of Minerals, Plenum Press, 1972, v.1, ISBN 0-306-30348-5, p.4: "The first to give separate consideration to minerals and other inorganic substances were the following: The Persian alchemist Jabir (721–815)..."

[13] George Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, Pub. for the Carnegie Institution of Washington, by the Williams & Wilkins Company, 1931, vol.2 pt.1, page 1044: "Was Geber, as the name would imply, the Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Haiyan?"

[14] Dan Merkur, in The psychoanalytic study of society (eds. Bryce Boyer, et al.), vol. 18, Routledge, ISBN 0-88163-161-2, page 352: "I would note that the Persian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan developed the theory that all metals consist of different 'balances' ..."

[15] Anthony Gross, The Dissolution of the Lancastrian Kingship: Sir John Fortescue and the Crisis of Monarchy in Fifteenth-century England, Paul

[16] Watkins, 1996, ISBN 1-871615-90-9, p.19: "Ever since the Seventy Books attributed to the Persian alchemist Jabir Ibn Hayyan had been translated into Latin ...."

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Cabir ibn Həyyan

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